Updated to MLA 9th ed. in April 2022. See what's new. Access MLA 8th ed. until June 30, 2022.
To get started, click on the resource you want to cite from the Source Type column on the right (or from the drop-down menu if using a mobile device).
If you need help, click on the Citation Maker instructions, which are also found at the bottom of every template.
If you cannot open a template in the Source Type column or menu, please clear your computer’s cache.
OSLIS MLA Secondary Citation Home | OSLIS APA Citation Home
Use this template to cite an entire book or part of a book or encyclopedia, such as an article, chapter, essay, play, poem, or short story. Also use it to cite gray literature such as a report, brochure, pamphlet, or map. This applies to all formats: print, audio, online, or e-book.
(See more examples)
(List the person or group who created the source. This is usually an author, but it may be an editor or an organization.)
(If the corporate author is the same as the publisher, list the name in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)
(Only list the first author.)
(Go to the next field.)
(Always credit any editors or translators. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(For an e-book, add this: e-book ed. For an audiobook, add this: audiobook ed. Examples of other possible editions: 3rd ed. or rev. ed. or updated ed.)
(If you are using one volume of a multi-volume set, enter the number of that volume. Otherwise, leave this field blank.)
(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited.)
(Enter publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If you are citing a thesis or dissertation, leave the Publisher blank.)
(Reports are the most common type of gray literature so they do not need an additional description. For less common sources, add an additional description to better identify the source, especially if the description is not already part of the title. Examples of possible descriptions: Brochure or Pamphlet or Map)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website
(Your citation is complete. Check your spelling and capitalization, and then click on Create Citation Below.)
(Ex: Gale In Context: Elementary or National Geographic Kids)
(Do not include https://.)
(Ex: work by Shel Silverstein on www.shelsilverstein.com)
(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.cdc.gov)
(Do not include https://. For an e-book or audiobook that was downloaded directly to a device, leave this field blank.)
(Ex: work by Shel Silverstein on www.gutenberg.org)
(Ex: brochure by Centers for Disease Control on www.medlineplus.gov)
Use this template to cite an article from a magazine, journal, or newspaper. This applies to all formats: print, audio, or online.
(If the article is only credited to a news agency, such as Associated Press or Reuters, leave Author blank.)
(Add the city name for local newspapers when the city is not included in the title.)(Ex: The Oregonian [Portland])
(Ex: national ed. or sunrise ed. or South Jersey ed.)
Publication Date: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Jan. 2022 or Jan. 2022 or Jan.-Feb. 2022 or winter 2022)
(If the article’s page numbers are not consecutive, only list the first page and a plus sign. Ex: 37+)
(Ex: Ranger Rick magazine on www.rangerrick.org)
(Ex: article in Time magazine on www.time.com)
(Ex: article in The New York Times newspaper on www.nyt.com)
(Ex: Ranger Rick magazine on www.pressreader.com)
(Ex: Time magazine article posted with permission on an organization's website)
(Ex: The New York Times newspaper article posted with permission on an organization's website)
Use this template to cite website articles and blog posts. However, if the information came from another source type, use the template for that source type instead. For example, for a magazine or newspaper article that is in a database or on a website, use the template called Magazine or Newspaper Article. For an e-book or audiobook in a database or on a website, use the Book template. For a video clip that you watched online, use the Video Recording template, etc.
(List the person or group who created the source.)
(If the author is the same as the publisher, list it in the Publisher field and leave this field blank.)
(Include both the username and author's real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])
(Enter the publisher's full name. Do not include business words such as Company, Limited, or Incorporated. If the publisher's name is the same as the title of the website or blog, leave the Publisher field blank.)
Could you determine a date that the website or blog was created, published, or updated? Yes No
Date: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 17 Apr. 2022 or Apr. 2022 or 2022)
(Record the time stamp, if there is one.)
Date Accessed: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(This is the date that you read the information on the website or blog.)
Use this template to cite video recordings, including films, television or streaming series and episodes, and videos on sharing sites (such as YouTube) and other websites. Also use it to cite transcripts of video recordings. For a video podcast, use the podcast option on the Audio Recording template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.
Is your focus on the contribution of the director or on the film as a whole?
(Since the director is not the focus, move on to the Title field.)
(Always credit the director of a film. Credit the director here if you have not already done so in the Author field. Only credit additional contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Ex: director's cut; Ex: uncut version)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the film. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Twentieth Century Fox)
Publication Year: Year: .
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on an App
(Ex: movie by Disney on www.disneyplus.com)
(Ex: movie by Disney on www.netflix.com)
(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.) (If the uploader is a group or goes by an online username, use the Last Name field and leave the other two fields blank. If the uploader is not known, leave this entire field blank.)
(Only use this field if you viewed the video on a sharing site such as YouTube or Vimeo.)
Could you determine a date that the video was uploaded? Yes No
Date Uploaded: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)
(This is the date that you viewed the video on the website.)
(Ex: Netflix or Hulu)
(Only credit contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Ex: director’s cut; Ex: uncut version)
(Use this to identify the season or series number, when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. Ex: season 3)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming series. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)
(Enter the year that the series was released. If the series spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2012-15 or 1998-2002 If the series is still airing, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )
(Ex: NBC television series on www.nbc.com)
(Ex: NBC television series on www.netflix.com)
(If the episode title is not known, leave this field blank.)
(Use this to identify the season or series and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the television or streaming episode. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube or Vimeo. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: CBS Television Studios or HBO)
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex: 3 Mar. 2022 or Mar. 2022 or 2022)
(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a DVD set when that is known and relevant. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.) (Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)
(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.nbc.com)
(Ex: episode of NBC television series on www.netflix.com)
(Always credit the video uploader, if known. Only credit other contributors if your research focuses on their contribution.)
(Do not include https://. If you accessed the video through an app, the URL is often found after clicking on Share.)
Use this template to cite audio recordings, including songs, albums, podcasts, and radio programs. Also use it to cite lyrics, transcripts, and accompanying materials such as liner notes. For audiobooks, use the Book template. For lectures, speeches, TED Talks, and webinars, use the Performance or Presentation template.
(List the person or group who created the recording. This is usually a performer or composer.)
(Ex: expanded ed.; Ex: uncut version)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for making the recording. Do not include online hosting sites such as YouTube, iTunes, or Spotify. Enter the publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Ex: Columbia Records or American Public Media)
(Most often, this is used to identify the disc number of a CD set when that is relevant and known. Enter the descriptor and the number. If there are multiple descriptors, separate each with a comma.)(Ex: disc 3; Ex: set 1, disc 4)
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Lyrics)
(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: album by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)
(Ex: Spotify or Stitcher)
(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: song by Beyoncé on www.spotify.com)
(If you are citing a podcast and want to identify your source as such, enter this in the text box, including the period: podcast ed.)
(Enter the year/s that the podcast was produced. If the podcast spans multiple years, separate the years with a hyphen. Ex: 2019-21 or 1998-2002 If the podcast is still being produced, enter a space after the hyphen. Ex: 2019- )
(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.thisamericanlife.org)
(Ex: This American Life podcast on www.stitcher.com)
(Use this to identify the season and episode numbers, when those are known and relevant. Separate the descriptors with a comma. Ex: season 7, episode 12)
(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.thisamericanlife.org)
(Ex: This American Life podcast episode on www.stitcher.com)
Use this template to cite artwork (drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures, etc.) and artifacts or objects (arrowheads, fossils, jewelry, models, etc.) that you experienced in person or viewed in print or online.
For other visual works (charts, clip art, infographics, maps, etc.), use the appropriate template. For example, for an infographic that you viewed in a magazine, use the Magazine or Newspaper Article template. For a map that you viewed on a website, use the Website Article or Blog template. For a physical map or chart, use the Report, Pamphlet, or Gray Literature option on the Book template.
Does this image, artwork, or object have a title?
Yes, it has a title. No, it does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the image, artwork, or object. Capitalize the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Chair of stained oak)
Is the year of creation known? Yes, because the source provided a date. Yes, but I found the date in a different source. No, I could not determine a date.
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Marble sculpture)
Where did you see this? In Person (Ex: at a museum) In a Book In a Magazine or Newspaper On a Website (Ex: an artist's or museum's website) In a Database, but the image was not part of an article or book On an App
(Enter the database name, such as ImageQuest, when known. Otherwise, enter the database platform or vendor, such as Britannica.)
Institution (Museum, Archive, Building, etc.): ,
City: , (Only identify the city if it is not part of the institution’s name.)
Object Number or Code (if there is one): .
(For an e-book, add this: e-book ed. Other edition examples to add might include 3rd ed., rev. ed., or updated ed.)
Was this accessed online? No Yes, in a Library Database Yes, on a Website, and the book is on the author’s or publisher’s own website Yes, on a Website, but the book is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.dalechihuly.com)
(Do not include https://. For an e-book that was downloaded directly to a device, leave this blank.)
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly in a book found on www.gutenberg.org)
(List the person or group who created the source. This is usually an author, but it may be an organization.)
(Add city name for local newspapers when city is not included in title)(Ex: The Oregonian [Portland])
Is the image or artwork on the artist's or creator's own website? Yes, it is on the artist's or creator's own website. No, it is on a different person's or organization's website. It is on a blog, and not a regular website.
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.dalechihuly.com)
(Ex: image of sculpture by Dale Chihuly on www.museumofglassartwork.org)
(List who is primarily responsible for writing the article or the content of the Web page. This is usually a person but may be a group or organization.)
Could you determine a date that the blog posting was posted or updated? Yes No
(Record the date as listed on your source. Ex. 28 Apr. 2021 or Apr. 2021 or 2021)
(Record the timestamp, if there is one.)
(This is the date that you read the information on the blog.)
(Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. If the Website title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)If the blog title is essentially the same as the publisher's name, leave Publisher blank.)
Could you determine a date that the Website was created, published, or updated? Yes No
Only use this template to cite an interview that you conducted or experienced firsthand, including in person or by e-mail, telephone, or video chat. If you read or otherwise saw an interview, cite it using the template for the source that included the interview: Book, Magazine or Newspaper Article, Website Article or Blog, Video Recording, or Audio Recording.
(Only list the first person.)
with the author.
Date of Interview:: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Use this template to cite performances (concerts, dance recitals, plays, etc.) and presentations (lectures, speeches, TED Talks, webinars, etc.) that you experienced in person or watched as a recording.
Does the performance have a title?
Yes, the performance has a title. No, the performance does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the performance. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Concert; Ex: Dance recital)
(Ex: Portland Rose Festival)
(Ex: Matinee performance)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the performance. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: Triangle Productions)
Date of Performance: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Where did you see this? In Person In a Library Database On a Website, and the source is on the author’s or publisher’s own website On a Website, but the source is not on the author’s or publisher’s own website On an App
Building or Site of Performance: , (Ex: Northwest Children's Theater; Ex: Waterfront Park)
City: . (Only identify the city if it is not part of the building or site's name.)
(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.beyonce.com)
(Ex: Beyoncé concert on www.codacollection.co)
Does the presentation have a title?
Yes, the presentation has a title. No, the presentation does not have a title.
(Provide a brief generic description of the presentation. Capitalize the first word. Ex: Lecture; Ex: Speech)
(Ex: National Model Railroad Association Convention; Ex: Biology 101; Ex: National Book Festival)
(The publisher is the company or organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the presentation. Enter the publisher’s full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit the publisher’s name if it is included in either title field above. Ex: American Cancer Society; Ex: University of Oregon)
Date of Presentation: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Building or Site of Presentation: , (Ex: Oregon Convention Center; Ex: Kennedy High School; Ex: National Mall Park)
(Ex: talk by park ranger on Crater Lake National Park website)
(Ex: talk by park ranger on YouTube website)
(Ex: Google Classroom or Netflix)
Use this template to cite e-mails or text messages that you received or were given access to.
to the author.
Date of Message: Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Month: summer fall winter spring Multiple Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month Range: Year: .
Use this template to cite content from social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, TikTok, Twitter, and so forth.
However, if a social media post directed you to another source, cite that source instead. For example, for a documentary that you found on Facebook, cite the documentary using the Video Recording template. Or, for a newspaper article that you found on Twitter, cite the article using the Magazine or Newspaper Article template.
(Include both the username and author’s real name, if known. Ex: Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl])
(Enter the title, and capitalize all major words. If there is no title, enter the text exactly as it appears in the post, including capitalization and spelling. For longer posts, you may include enough of the text to be clear, and then include an ellipsis at the end to indicate that some words were omitted. An ellipsis is three periods with a space before each and a space after the last.)
(Images and videos are sometimes posted without a title or accompanying text, so you must provide a description. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. Ex: Photo of spring flowers in Oregon)
Could you determine the date that the post was made? Yes No
(This is the date that you read the information on the social media site.)
(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the post, use the URL for the creator's account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)
(Enter the profile, page, or tab title. Capitalize the first letter of all major words. Ex: Archive)
(Describe the untitled profile, page, or tab. Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns. For example, since Snapchat does not name the various pages within an account, provide a title. Ex: Profile)
Could you determine the date that the profile or page was made? Yes No
(Do not include https://. If there is no URL for the profile or page, use the URL for the creator’s account instead. If you cannot determine a URL, leave this field blank.)
Use this template to cite sources that are not already covered in MLA Citation Maker.
The MLA 9 citation guidelines are somewhat flexible. The goal is for you to think about each source and to apply a few rules to produce a citation that is appropriate for your project. Two people could use the same source but have different citations, and both could be correct. It depends on several factors, including what part of the source is most important to your project and what format you used (in print or online, for example).
Use the basic template below to create a citation for your source. Not all of the boxes will need to be filled in.
If you need help with this template, ask your teacher or librarian. Also check the MLA Style Center's "Works Cited: A Quick Guide," and "Ask the MLA."
(List the person or group primarily responsible for creating the source.)
(Only use this field if you need to credit contributors who are not listed in the Author field.)
(The publisher is the organization primarily responsible for producing or sponsoring the source or making it available to the public. Enter publisher's full name, but omit business words and their abbreviations such as Company, Incorporated, and Limited. Omit publisher's name if it is included in the Author or Title field above.)
(Record the date as listed on your source, and include the time, if given.)
(If you enter page numbers, precede a single page number with p. and multiple with pp. If you enter a URL, do not include https://.)
(Use this optional field to add additional pertinent information about the source, if needed. Ex: Transcript; Ex: PDF)
Is your source found within another source, such as a magazine inside of a database or a video on a streaming service? Yes No
(Typically, this will be the title of a database or website. If that is the case, only fill in these two fields: Title of Source 2 and Location. Otherwise, fill in all of the fields that apply to your source.)
Before you exit Citation Maker, be sure to save your work by using "Save in Word or Pages" or "Save in Google Drive."
Works Cited Formatting Tips
Citation Maker Instructions